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Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of systems theory and cybernetics combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept. Visualization of a direct numerical simulation model.

8.17 Payment and securities settlement system.

8.10 Engineering, technology, and processes.

6.2 Examples of non-film entertainment simulation.

6.1.4 Virtual cinematography (early 2000s–present).

6.1.3 Pre-virtual cinematography era (early 1980s to 1990s).

6.1 History of visual simulation in film and games.

5.3 History of simulation in healthcare.

4.1.1 Current research into user input systems.

Procedures and protocols for model verification and validation are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in simulations technology or practice, particularly in the work of computer simulation. Key issues in modeling and simulation include the acquisition of valid sources of information about the relevant selection of key characteristics and behaviors used to build the model, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the model, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes.

Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action.

Simulation is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation. Simulations require the use of models the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time. Imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over timeĪ simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.